There has been a significant decline in students' academic conduct in Nigerian colleges of education, as indicated by chronic absenteeism, examination malpractice, lateness, and disregard for institutional regulations. This study investigates school safety and school type as determinants of students' academic conduct in colleges of education in southwestern Nigeria, aiming to provide evidence to inform policy and institutional improvement. A descriptive survey design was utilized, involving 1,222 second-year Social Studies students from 15 purposively selected colleges representing federal, state, and private institutions. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.816) and analyzed with descriptive statistics (means) and inferential tests (Pearson correlation, multiple regression) at p < 0.05. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between school safety and students' academic conduct (r = .232, p < .01); there is a significant positive relationship between school type and students' academic conduct (r = .170, p < .01) and ANOVA results show that this model is statistically significant (F = 18.553, p < .001), indicating that school safety and school type, along with other school factors, jointly influence academic conduct. Their combined effect highlights the necessity for comprehensive institutional improvements. It was recommended among others that safety measures in all colleges should be prioritized.